Bipolar Disorder And Its Effects - 1660 Words

When people think of bipolar disorder, they may imagine a person who first is happy, jolly, and friendly. Then, the next moment that person is an angry, bitter, and irritated. According to many research studies, bipolar is much more than what people think. In this paper, I will elaborate on what bipolar disorder is, the differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder, the causes and risks, populations who are mostly affected and treatments to stabilize it. Bipolar disorder is a mental disorder. It appears as a mix of manic depression with abnormal changes in a person s mood, energy levels, and activity levels. They also do not have the ability to carry out day to day tasks. Individuals with bipolar disorder have different symptoms that can damage relationships, contribute to poor job or school performance, or even suicide. The mood swings associated with bipolar disorder can occur a few times a year or several times a day. Depression and mania can exist at the same time. Another name ass ociated with bipolar is manic-depression (Mayo Clinic.org,2015). There are four diagnostic stages of bipolar disorder. A bipolar person in the depressive stage may be sad, despondent, lack energy, and feel unable to show favor. A person with bipolar can’t enjoy him or herself and may not want to eat nor sleep. The depressive state can cause upset, tension, overaction, despair, or it can be a setback that causes the person’s activity to be slowed and reduced. The person may feel sad andShow MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder And Its Effects1175 Words   |  5 Pagesthe multitude of forms it will take. Bipolar disorder affects roughly 2.3 million adults, age eighteen and over per year. (â€Å"Bipolar Disorder† 2) Generally seventy-five percent have a minimum of one kin relative with manic-depression or severe depression (â€Å"Possible Causes of Bipolar Disorder† 2). Both male and female can attain bipolar disorder. Some youth may get bipolar disorder; however, most cases usually strike young adults in their early 20s. Bipola r disorder is generally common among those whoRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects861 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder is caused, in part, by factors of nature. In short, bipolar disorder is caused by factors of genetics, heredity, factors that are inherent to who we are. Bipolar disorder (BD) is a â€Å"neuropsychiatric disorder†¦characterized by recurrent episodes of depression and mania or hypomania† (Bavamian et al., 2015. p. 573). The study conducted by Bavamian et. al., asserts that there are in fact microRNAs (miRNAs) which regulate gene expression. In individuals with BD, they expression of miR-34aRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On Children1247 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom Bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder or manic-depressive illness is a brain disorder that can affect one’s mood and ability to complete tasks. Bipolar disorder in children is under studied for many reasons. These include, lack of awareness and the difference in the disea se seen in adults and children that can make it difficult to continue studies. Bipolar disorder has not been well studied despite harmful effects on growth and development in a child. As the child grows up, bipolar disorder mayRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On Society1416 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar disorder is often misunderstood. There is very little research on all mental illnesses but, specifically bipolar disorder because humans have not come out with the technology to fully study the brain. This is why people often judge people with mental illnesses and place a certain stigma on them, people just do not know what to think. For our group project, my group wanted to learn more about why mental illnesses are so misrepresented within our culture. Bipolar disorder, formerly known asRead MoreLithium And Its Effects On Bipolar Disorder1394 Words   |  6 Pagesprescribed. Lithium Carbonate is the most commonly drug that is prescribed for treating bipolar disorder (May, Hickey, Triantis, Palazidou, Kyriacou, 2015). It works as a mood stabilizer that significantly reduces excessive behaviors and suicidal tendencies. However, the way that lithium exerts its impact on mood is still unknown. One study suggests that key of lithium therapeutic actions are the neuroprotective effects (Malhi, Tanious, Das, Coulston, Berk 2013). For instance, lithium has been demonstratedRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effect On Children3715 Words   |  15 Pages Bipolar disorder is typically a condition that affects people in their late teens and early adulthood. It is usually not thought to affect a child but it is something that, if present at a young age, can seriously affect the way a child grows up. Bipolar disorder affects every aspect of a person’s life and is not as understood as it should be. Researchers are still looking for the cause of this illness and how it can be treated but overall it is a condition that many people are undereducated onRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On Children2651 Words   |  11 PagesAbstract Bipolar Disorder is a brain disorder which unfortunately affects many individuals, causing unusual shifts in behaviors and moods, alterations in energy and activity levels, as well as dysfunction in the ability to perform day-to-day activities. This disorder can even be the cause of many broken relationships and the development of other mental health illnesses. In the literature review provided, the writer will explore Bipolar Disorder as a mental illness, specifically diagnosed in adultsRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On The Brain2007 Words   |  9 PagesBipolar disorder represents a group of diseases that affect the brain and cause dramatic mood swings from one extreme to the other. Feelings can move from depression to mania, from the lowest of lows, to the highest of highs. This disorder is not curable, but through a comprehensive treatment plan it can be controlled. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 5.7 million adults in America are impa cted by this disorder. That equates to 2.6% of the population over the age of 18Read MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On The Human Mind987 Words   |  4 Pages Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness that has many effects on the human body and mind. It’s found in young adults and children as well. Statistics show that the disorder affects about four million people in the United States and is becoming one of the most common disabilities in the United States today. People with bipolar disorder undergo two types of mood swings: depression and mania. Those two are then divided into subcategories: Bipolar 1 Disorder, Bipolar 2 Disorder, and Cylothymia. This paperRead MoreEffects Of Bipolar Disorder On Young Adults Essay2164 Words   |  9 Pages Bipolar is a debilitating disorder that is usually diagnosed in young adults. It is marked by alternating periods of unusually elevated mood and depression. The effects of bipolar disorder on young adults is well researched due to the fact that the average age of onset is around twenty-five years old, however it can be diagnosed at any age. In addition to living with the disorder, older adults with bipolar must also experience both the physical and mental consequences of the aging process. It is

What Role Does Education Play On Social Equality Or...

Jimmy Choy SOC 1005 FTRB Professor Zimmerman Final Essay Topic #1 â€Å"What role does education play in social equality or inequality?† Martin Luther King, Jr. once said, â€Å"The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education.† Education has always been the path to success that open new opportunity doors for an individual in a democratic society. The government implemented free public education with a sole purpose to ensure that society continues to strive for equality. This means that studious individuals, with any background, that puts in their effort and work hard should have a higher advantage of getting a good job and climbing up the social mobility and economic ladder of success. The education system is a path for an individual to venture and develop abilities and aptitudes, which in the long run form human capital that will benefit society as a whole; ultimately, this will diminish the disparities of wealth and power by allowing the less fortunate an opportunity to add meaning into society. Yet educa tion may be illustrated as the means of equalization, it has been argued, that the purpose of education is unsuccessful; instead of overcoming closing the wealth gap, there are substantiation that it actually reinforces it. In Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical paper, â€Å"The formsShow MoreRelatedRacial Segregation And The Educational Institution964 Words   |  4 Pageswhile growing up. Since social class is determined in large part by education, the effects of education carry forward into the rest of each person’s life even after they’ve long left the institution itself (Roy, lecture 10). In his lecture on the institution, Professor Roy adds that education allows for a path to social mobility while also reproducing inequalities. This paradox can be seen in both race and gender – albeit in varying degrees. Race is a perpetuated inequality in the educational institutionRead MoreThe Role Of Economic Development As Measured Through Levels1485 Words   |  6 PagesGender inequality has been and is still a problem being faced worldwide. It has inhibited the social, economical, and political growth of women in all different nations, especially third-world countries.There are vario us implications that change the level of inequality such as education, culture, religion, democratization of countries, years of independence, and most importantly, economic development. (Dollar Gatti, 1999). This paper is examining the role economic development as measured throughRead MoreQuestions On Inequalities Of Gender Inequality1625 Words   |  7 Pages1. Inequalities of Gender 1. Discuss the various forms of Gender inequality 2. Choose and discuss two theoretical perspectives used to analyze gender inequality 3. Make sure to compare the perspectives and choose which one you align yourself with Kerbo (1994) refer to gender as the socially constructed definition of what it mean to be female or male. Sex and gender are two separate terms. Sex refers to the biological characteristics. However, gender is completely different. Gender is sociallyRead MorePlato’s Republic: Proto-traditional Feminism and Modern Feminism1614 Words   |  7 Pagesto fit the modern definition of feminism, as this definition is contingent on equality and equity. Furthermore, I will consider the objection that Plato cannot be a feminist due to his motivation for equality. Although Plato endorses some feminist ideologies, his motivation behind his endorsement of these ideologies does not come from the belief that women should be equated to men, but that everyone must play their role in Kallipolis. I will then consider the differences between the traditional definitionRead MoreThe Construction And Experience Of Gender Inequality1395 Words   |  6 PagesSocial status and structures have definite ly shaped the construction and experience of gender inequality. Men and women are constantly analyzed, compared, and grouped together in society. The result of this yields discrepancies in how sexes are viewed by society. Throughout my examination and explanation of gender inequality, I concluded both men and women are victims to gender inequality. I examined different professional industries in The United States to get a familiar understanding of genderRead MoreThe Issue Of Teacher Quality1322 Words   |  6 PagesRace and education are two things that seem to have a very great effect on each other. We live in the land of opportunity, and this land provides â€Å"The American Dream†. However, the American Dream must come with equal quality education for all people regardless of their race. Education is one of the major obstacles today that stands in the way of giving everyone the same opportunity that they deserve. Experts found out that students of color are given less opportunities to receive finical aid, scholarshipsRead MoreThroughout Centuries Gender Has Been A Social Construct1363 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout centuries gender has been a social construct that enforces gender norms and as a result, gender inequality was born. Gender inequality has prevailed and can be observed throughout most cultures, educat ion, labor force, and in our own personal lives. At a very young age we are introduced to a gender identity based upon the sex we were born with. Girls are associated with the color pink, dolls, nurturing tendencies, and inclined to be more emotional. While boys are associated with theRead MoreGender Inequality : A Good Understanding Of The Social Inequality Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of the social inequalities around me. Although, women have socially grown with more power over the years, it is not enough to equalize with the men. For example, the pay gap difference between men and women for not having the â€Å"testosterone bonus† even though the same education and qualifications are present. I hope that over time I will be able to experience a change and have the same equal rights as men because I feel that I have deserved it. I plan on having the same education and experienceRead MoreEssay on Education: A Path to Gender Equality in Labor Markets1667 Words   |  7 Pagesor reinforcing gender equality in labor markets worldwide will lead to gains in productivity. However, what can be done to create gender equality? A study emphasized the equality of education. When education access to women is equal to men, occupation opportunities and earnings of men and women with similar education and experience are equal. A research in Pakistan and other studies are introduced. Their findings suggest that education plays a vital part in gender equality in labor force. In anotherRead MoreGender Inequality In Australia Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesto the public sphere. These historic gender norms have been deeply imbedded within Australia’s social foundation, and although society has gradually shifted away from these roles, evidence suggests that this gender inequality still riddles the modern day workplace. Liberal feminist groups have embraced this issue, and have classified it as being a true barrier to achieving the ultimate gender equality goal. Consequently, these liberal femin ists along with general society propose that it may only

Decision Making and Consumer free essay sample

What major psychological processes influence consumer responses to the marketing program? * How do consumers make purchasing decisions? * In what ways do consumers stray from a deliberate rational decision process? Contents Introduction4 What influences Consumer behavior? 5 Cultural factors5 Social factors6 Personal factors7 Key psychological processes9 Motivation9 Perception10 Learning11 Emotion12 Memory12 The buying decision process14 Behavioral decision theory amp; behavioral economics20 Introduction The aim of marketing is to meet and satisfy target customers need and want better than competitors. Marketers must have a thorough understanding of how consumers think, feel, and act and offer clear value to each and every target consumer. Successful marketing requires that companies fully connect with their customers. Adopting a holistic marketing orientation means understanding customers-gaining a 360-degree view of both their daily lives and the changes that occur during their lifetimes so the right products are always marketed to the right customers in the right way. So we are going to explore individual consumer buying dynamism. We will write a custom essay sample on Decision Making and Consumer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Model of Consumer beha-vior Model of Consumer beha-vior Fig 1. 1 Fig 1. 1 The starting point for understanding consumer behavior is the stimulus-response model shown in figure 1. 1. Marketing and environmental stimuli enter the consumers consciousness, and a set of psychological processes combine with certain consumer characteristics to result in decision processes and purchase decisions. The marketers task is to understand what happens in the consumers consciousness between the arrival of the outside marketing stimuli and the ultimate purchase decisions. What influences Consumer behavior? Consumer behavior is the study of how individuals, groups and organizations select, buy, use and dispose of goods, services, idea or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants. A Consumers buying behavior is influenced by cultural, social, and personal factors. Cultural factors Culture is the fundamental determinant of a person’s wants amp; behavior. Each culture consists of smaller subcultures that provide more specific identification and socialization for their members. Subcultures include nationalities, religions, racial groups and geographic regions. Virtually all human societies exhibit social stratification, most often in the form of social classes, relatively homogeneous and enduring divisions in a society, hierarchically ordered and with members who share similar values, interest and behavior. Social Classes Upper uppers Upper uppers Lower uppers Lower uppers Upper middles Upper middles Middle Middle Working Working Upper lowers Upper lowers Lower lowers Lower lowers Social factors Such as Reference groups, Family and Social roles and statuses affect our buying behavior. Reference groups A person’s references groups are all the groups that have a direct or indirect influence on their behavior * Membership groups * Primary groups * Secondary groups * Aspirational groups * Dissociative groups Groups having a direct influence are called membership groups, some of these are Primary groups with whom the person interacts continuously and informally such as family, friends, neighbors and coworkers. People also belong to Secondary groups such as religious, professional and trade-union, which tend to be more formal and require less continuous interaction. People re also influenced by groups to which they don’t belong. Aspirational groups are those a person hops to join; Dissociative groups are those values or behavior an individual rejects. Marketers must determine how to reach and influence the group’s opinion leaders opinion leaders are often highly confident, socially active. Family There are two families in the buyer’s life: * Family of orienta tion consists of parents and siblings * Family of procreation the person’s spouse and children Rules and status Role consists of the activities a person is expected, each role in turn connotes a status Personal factors Personal characteristic that influence a buyer’s decision include * Age and stage Our taste of food, clothes and recreation is related to our age. Marketers should consider critical life events or transitions like marriage. * Occupation and Economic Circumstances Marketers try to identify the Occupational groups that have above-average interest in their product and services and even tailor product for certain Occupational groups. Both product and brand choices are affected by economic circumstance: 1. Spendable income (level, stability and time pattern) 2. Savings and assets (percentage that is liquid) 3. Debts 4. Borrowing power 5. Attitudes toward spending and saving * Personality and self-concept Personality set of distinguishing human psychological traits that lead to relatively consistent and enduring response to environmental stimuli (buying behavior). Like self-confidence, dominance, autonomy, deference, sociability, defensiveness and adaptability. Brand personality is a specific mix of human traits that we can attribute to a particular brand. 1. Sincerity 2. Excitement 3. Competence 4. Sophistication 5. Ruggedness * Life style and values Life style is a person’s pattern of living in the world as expressed in activities, interests and opinions. The ‘’ whole person ‘’ interacting with his/her environment. Life styles are shaped partly by whether consumers are money constrained (lower-cost product) or time constrained (multi-tasking). Consumer decisions are also influenced by core value the belief systems that underlie attitudes and behavior. Core values go much deeper than attitudes and behavior, people’s choices and desires over the long term. Key psychological processes Four key psychological process: Motivation, Perception, Learning, and Memory Motivation We all have many needs at any given time. Needs are: 1. Biogenic arise from physiological states of tension such as hunger. 2. Psychogenic arise from psychological states of tension such as the need of recognition. Three of the best-known theories of human motivation: Sigmund Freud, Abraham Maslow, and Frederick Herzberg. * Freud’s Theory Behavior is guided by subconscious motivations * Maslow’s Theory Behavior is driven by lowest, unmet need Fig 2. 1 Fig 2. 1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Maslows Hierarchy of Needs * Herzberg’s Theory Behavior is guided by motivating and hygiene factors. It has two implications: 1. Sellers should do their best to avoid dissatisfiers. 2. The seller should identify the major satisfiers or motivators of purchase in the market and then supply them. Perception Perception is the process by which we select, organize and interpret information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world. Perceptions are more important than reality because perceptions affect consumer’s actual behavior. People emerge with different perceptions of the same object because of three perceptual processes: * Selective attention Selective attention means that marketers must work hard to attract consumer’s notice * People are more likely to notice stimuli that relate to a current need * People are more likely to notice stimuli they anticipate * People are more likely to notice stimuli whose deviations are large in relationship to the normal size of the stimuli * Selective distortion Is the tendency to interpret information in a way that fits our preconceptions. Selective distortion can work to the advantages of marketers with strong brands when consumers distort neutral or ambiguous brand information to make it more positive. Selective retention We are likely to remember good points about a product we like and forget good points about competing products. It explains why marketers need to use repetition. * Subliminal perception Learning ((When we act we learn)) Learning induces changes in our behavior arising from experience. Learning theorists believe learning is produced through the interplay of drive s, stimuli, cues, responses amp; reinforcement. Drive is a strong internal stimulus impelling action. Cues are minor stimuli that determine when, where amp; how a person response. Discrimination means we have learned to recognize differences in sets of similar stimuli amp; can adjust our responses accordingly. Learning theory teaches marketers that they can build demand for a product by associating it with strong drives, using motivating cues amp; providing positive reinforcement. Hedonic bias occurs when people have a general tendency to attribute success to themselves amp; failure to external causes. Emotion Consumer response is not all cognitive amp; rational; much maybe emotional amp; invoke different kinds of feelings. A brand or product may make a consumer feel proud, excited, or confident. An ad may create feeling of amusement, disgust, or wonder. Memory * Short term memory (STM) a temporary amp; limited repository of information. * Long term memory (LTM) a more permanent, essentially unlimited repository. All the information amp; experiences we encounter as we go through life can end up in our long-term memory. Associative network memory model views LTM as a set of nodes amp; links. Nodes are stored information connected by links that vary in strength. A spreading process from node to node determine how much we retrieve amp; what information we can actually recall in any given situation. In this model, we can think of consumer brand knowledge as a node in memory with a variety of linked associations. The strength of these associations will be important determinant of the info we can recall about the brand. Brand association consist of all brand-related thoughts , feelings , perceptions , images, experiences , beliefs , attitudes amp; so on that become linked to the brand node. State farm mental map State farm mental map Fig 2. 2 Fig 2. 2 Memory process Memory is a very constructive process, because we don’t remember info amp; events completely amp; accurately. Memory encoding describes how amp; where info gets in the memory. The strength of the resulting association depends on how much we process the info at encoding amp; in what way. Memory retrieval is the way information gets out of memory. 1. The presence of other product info in memory can produce interference effects amp; cause us to either overlook or confuse new data. 2. The time between exposure to info amp; encoding has been shown generally to produce only gradual decay. 3. Info may be available in memory but not be accessible for recall without the proper retrieval cues or reminders. The buying decision process The five stage model of buying process: 1. Problem recognition 2. Information search 3. Evaluation of alternatives 4. Purchase decision 5. Post purchase behavior 1. Problem recognition The buying process starts when the buyer recognizes a problem or need triggered by internal or external stimuli. Marketers need to identify the circumstances that trigger a particular need by gathering information from a number of consumers. 2. Information search Information sources * Personal: family, friends†¦etc. * Commercial: ads, web sites †¦etc. * Public: mass media †¦. etc. Experiential: handling, examining†¦etc. Search dynamic by gathering information, the consumer learns about competing brands amp; their features. Successive Sets in Decision Making: 3. Evaluation of alternatives * Some basic concepts will help us understand consumer evaluation process: First, the consumer is trying to satisfy a need. Second, the consumer is looking for a certain benefits from the product solution. Third, the consumer sees each product as a bundle of attributes with varying abilities to deliver the benefits. Belief is a descriptive thought that a person holds about something. Attitudes a person’s enduring favorable or unfavorable evaluations, emotional feelings, amp; action tendencies toward some object or ideas. Attitudes put us into a frame of mind: liking or disliking an object, moving toward or away from it. Expectancy-value model The consumer arrives at attitudes toward various brands through an attribute evaluation procedure, developing a set of beliefs about where each brand stands on each attribute. The expectancy-value model of attitude formation posits that consumers evaluate products amp; services by combining their brand beliefs according to importance. . Purchase decision In executing a purchase intention the consumer may make up to 5 sub decisions: Brand, Dealer, Quantity, Timing, and payment method. It is a Step between Alternative Evaluation and Purchase. Non-Compensatory Models of Choice: Conjunctive heuristic: the consumer set a min acceptable cutoff level for each attribute amp; chooses the first alternative that meets the min st andard for all attribute. Lexicographic heuristic: the consumer chooses the best brand on the basis of its perceived most important attribute. Elimination-by-aspects heuristic: the consumer compare brands on an attribute selected probabistically amp; eliminates brands that don’t meet min acceptable cutoffs. Intervening factors Steps purchase intention between and Purchas: Steps between Alternative Evaluation and Purchase Steps between Alternative Evaluation and Purchase Fig 3. 1 Fig 3. 1 Attitudes of others Depends on 2 things: 1. The intensity of the other person’s negative attitude toward our preferred alternative. 2. Our motivation to comply with the other person’s wishes. Unanticipated situational factors may erupt to change the purchase intention (Perceived Risk): 1. Functional risk: the product doesn’t perform to expectations. 2. Physical risk: the product poses a threat to physical well-being or health of the user or others 3. Financial risk: the product isn’t worth the price paid. 4. Social risk: the product results in embarrassment in front of others. 5. Psychological risk: the product affects the mental well-being of the other user. 6. Time risk: the failure of the product results in an opportunity cost of finding another satisfactory product. 5. Post purchase behavior Marketer must monitor post purchase satisfaction, actions, uses amp; disposal. Post purchase satisfaction Satisfaction is a function of closeness between expectations amp; the product’s perceived performance. If performance falls of expectations the consumer is disappointed; if it meets expectations the consumer is satisfied; if it exceeds expectations, the consumer is delighted. Post purchase actions Satisfied consumer is more likely to purchase the product again amp; will also tend to say good things about the brand to others. Dissatisfied consumer may abandon or return the product. Private actions include deciding to stop buying the product (exit option) or warning friends (voice option). Post purchase uses amp; disposal Marketers should also monitor how buyers use amp; dispose of the product. Fig 3. 2 Fig 3. 2 How buyers use amp; dispose of the product How buyers use amp; dispose of the product Moderating effects on consumer decision making The manner or path by which a consumer moves through the decision-making stages depends on several factors including the level of involvement amp; extent of variety seeking. * Low-Involvement Decision Making Petty amp; cacippo’s elaboration an influential model of attitude formation amp; change, describe how consumers make evaluation in both low amp; high involvement circumstances. Central route in which attitude or change stimulates much thought amp; is based on consumer’s diligent, rational consideration of the most important product information. Peripheral route in which attitude formation or change provokes much less thought amp; results from the consumers association of a brand with either positive or negative peripheral cues. Marketers use 4 techniques to try to covert low involvement product into one of higher involvement: 1. They can link the product to an engaging issue. 2. They can link the product to a personal situation. 3. They might design advertising to trigger strong emotions related to personal values. 4. They might add an important feature. * Variety-seeking buying behavior Here consumers often do a lot of brand switching. Brand switching occurs for the sake of variety rather than dissatisfaction. The market leader will try to encourage habitual buying behavior by dominating the self-space with a variety of related but different product versions, avoiding out-of-stock conditions, amp; sponsoring frequent reminder advertising. Behavioral decision theory amp; behavioral economics Behavioral decision theory (BDT) has identified many situations in which consumers make seemingly irrational choices. 1. Decision heuristics. 2. Framing. 3. Mental accounting. * Decision heuristics 1. Availability heuristic consumers base their predictions on the quickness amp; ease with which a particular example of an outcomes comes to mind. 2. Representative heuristic consumers base their predictions on how representative or similar the outcomes are to other examples.

Poopsex Essays - Platonism, Analogy, Socratic Dialogues,

Poopsex The Divided Line (The Republic , Book VI) Socrates You have to imagine, then, that there are two ruling powers, and that one of them is set over the intellectual world, the other over the visible. I do not say heaven, lest you should fancy that I am playing upon the name. May I suppose that you have this distinction of the visible and intelligible fixed in your mind? Glaucon I have. Socrates Now take a line which has been cut into two unequal parts and divide each of them again in the same proportion, and suppose the two main divisions to answer, one to the visible and the other to the intelligible, and then compare the subdivisions in respect of their clearness and want of clearness, and you will find that the first section in the sphere of the visible consists of images. And by images I mean, in the first place, shadows, and in the second place, reflections in water and in solid, smooth and polished bodies and the like: Do you understand? Glaucon Yes, I understand. Socrates Imagine, now, the other section, of which this is only the resemblance, to include the animals which we see, and everything that grows or is made. Glaucon Very good. Socrates Would you not admit that both the sections of this division have different degrees of truth, and that the copy is to the original as the sphere of opinion is to the sphere of knowledge? 1 Glaucon Most undoubtedly. Socrates Next proceed to consider the manner in which the sphere of the intellectual is to be divided. Glaucon In what manner? Socrates Thus: There are two subdivisions, in the lower of which the soul uses the figures given by thw former division as images; the enquiry can only be hypothetical, and instead of going upwards to a principle descends to the other end; in the higher of the two, the soul passes out of hypotheses, and goes up to a principle which is above hypotheses, making no use of images as in the former case, but proceeding only in and through the ideas themselves. 2 Glaucon I do not quite understand your meaning. Socrates Then I will try again; you will understand me better when I have made some preliminary remarks. You are [emailprotected] of geometry, arithmetic, and the kindred sciences assume the odd and the even and teh figures and three kinds of angles and the like in their several branches of science; these are their hypotheses, which they and everybody are supposed to know, and therefore they do not deign to give any account of them either to themselves or others; but they begin with them, and go on until they arrive at last, and in a consistent manner, at their conclusions? Glaucon Yes, I know. Socrates And do you not know also that although they make use of the visible forms and reason about them, they are thinking not of these, but of the ideas which they resemble; not of the figures which they draw, but of the absolute square and teh absolute diameter, and so on, the forms which they draw or make, and which have shadowsa and reflections in water of their own, are converted by them into images, but they are really seeking to behold the things themselves, which can only be seen with the eye of the mind? Glaucon That is true. Socrates And of this kind I spoke as the intelligible, although in the search after it the soul is compelled to use hypotheses; not ascending to a first principle, because she is unable to rise above the region of hypothesis, but employing the objects of which the shadows below are resembalcnes in their turn as images, they having in relation to the shadows and reflections of them a greater distinctness, and therefore a higher value. Glaucon I understand that you are speaking of the province of geometry and the sister arts. Socrates And when I speak of the other division of the intelligible, you will understand me to speak of that other sort of knowledge which reason herself attains by the power of dialectic, using the hypotheses not as first principles, but openly as hypotheses, that is to say, as steps and points of departure into a world which is above hypotheses,

Tenses and Forms of the Verb to Buy for ESL

Tenses and Forms of the Verb to Buy for ESL This page provides example sentences of the verb Buy in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms.   Present Simple Use the present simple for routines and habits such as how often you  buy something at the store. Jack usually buys his groceries on Saturdays.Where do you buy your furniture?She doesnt buy any food at that store. Present Simple Passive The supplies are usually bought on Friday afternoons.When are new textbooks bought for the school?Wine isnt bought in great quantities. Present Continuous Use the  present continuous  to speak about what is happening at the present moment such as what you are buying in the store. They are buying a new house this month.Are they buying a new car soon?She isnt buying his story about his hard luck. Present Continuous Passive Not commonly used with buy Present Perfect Use the  present perfect  to discuss actions that have happened repeatedly such as how many times you have bought a specific product. We have bought a number of antique chairs.How long have you bought his story for?They havent bought any new furniture for a while. Present Perfect Passive Those antique chairs have been bought by customers in San Diego.Where has that been bought and sold before?It hasnt been bought by anyone.   Past Simple Use the  past simple  to speak about something you bought at a point in time in the past. He bought that painting last week.Where did you buy that sofa?She didnt buy any food for dinner, so theyre going out. Past Simple Passive That painting was bought last week.What was bought at the garage sale yesterday?That painting wasnt bought at the auction. Past Continuous Use the past continuous to describe what someone was buying when something else occurred. She was buying a new car when he telephoned.What were you buying when you got the call?She wasnt buying his story despite his insistence.   Past Continuous Passive Not commonly used with buy Past Perfect Use the  past perfect  to what  you had bought before something else happened.   Larry had bought the books before she arrived.What had they bought before they were offered the house?She hadnt bought enough food for the party, so she went out again. Past Perfect Passive The books had been bought before she arrived.Which ingredients had been bought for the meal?Not enough wine had been bought for the occasion.   Future (Will) Use  future tenses  to speak about something that you will / are going to buy  in the future. I think he will buy a present for Mary.Will you buy his proposal at the meeting?She wont buy what hes saying. Future (Will) Passive A new book will be bought for that child.Will that painting be bought at the auction?Food wont be bought by Peter.   Future (Going To) The teacher is going to buy the books for the children.What are you going to buy for dinner tonight?She isnt going to buy that house. Future (Going To) Passive The books are going to be bought for the children.What is going to be bought for drinks?They arent going to be bought by anyone for that price. Future Continuous Use the future continuous to express what you will be buying  at ​a  specific point in time in the future.   He will be buying groceries this time next week.Will you be buying anything this time tomorrow?She wont be buying a house anytime soon.   Future Perfect They will have bought five new computers by the end of the sale.What will you have bought by the end of the day?Youll see, she wont have bought anything. Future Possibility Use  modals  in the future to discuss future possibilities.   I might buy a new computer.Might Peter buy the house?She may not buy his story.   Real Conditional Use the  real conditional  to speak about possible events. If he buys that painting, he will be sorry.What will he buy if he inherits the money?She wont buy the house if its put up for auction. Unreal Conditional Use the unreal conditional to speak about imagined events in the present or future.   I would be sorry if I bought that painting.What would you need if you bought a new house?She wouldnt buy the house if you bought it. Past Unreal Conditional Use the past unreal conditional to speak about imagined events in the past.   If you hadnt bought that painting, you wouldnt have lost so much money on the investment.What would you have done if he had bought you a diamond ring?She wouldnt have bought that house if she hadnt had enough money. Present Modal I should buy some new clothes.Where can I buy an ice-cream cone?They mustnt buy anything today. Theres no money in the bank. Past Modal They must have bought some new clothes.What should you have bought last year?They couldnt have bought his story.   Quiz: Conjugate With Buy Use the verb to buy to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below.   He ______ that painting last week.Larry _____ the books before she arrived.Jack usually ______ his groceries on Saturdays.I think he ______ a present for Mary.They _____ five new computers by the end of the sale.I would be sorry if I _____ that painting.The supplies are usually _____ on Friday afternoons.We _____ a number of antique chairs.That painting _____ last week.They _____ a new house this month. Quiz Answers boughthad boughtbuyswill buywill have boughtboughtboughthave boughtwas boughtare buying

When Getting Fired Is Actually a Good Thing

When Getting Fired Is Actually a Good Thing Nobody likes getting fired. It is a universally unpleasant experience. But what if it could lead to something great? If you’re afraid of losing your job, or might be in danger of being imminently fired, read on. Roy Choi is the widely acknowledged â€Å"godfather of the food truck movement,† thanks to his enormously successful gourmet Korean taco venture. He’s won tons of awards and owns several restaurants, but more interesting is how he got to where he is.Choi didn’t always work in food trucks. In fact, the genesis of his massive success was the result of being fired from his job as a chef in a regular kitchen. His life as he knew it collapsed around him and, luckily, he had the presence of mind to trust his gut and go out and do what he’d been dreaming of. And it paid off.Next time you have your back against a wall and feel desperate, make small steps in the direction of something you think is valuable or important, and more often than not the re st will fall into place. A few hard-won freelance gigs could turn into a lucrative career. An entry-level job can turn into a managerial position. An idea for a food truck could turn you into a celebrity.Sometimes you learn a lot about yourself and what you want- not to mention what you’re capable of- when you find yourself at the bottom. Don’t give up. Dig deep. Figure out what you can do, what you want to do, and then work really hard until you get somewhere.Chances are you’ll end up much better off.

Humanitarian Action - Haiti Earthquake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Humanitarian Action - Haiti Earthquake - Essay Example Usually we associate disaster as a crisis inflicted by nature but human-made disasters are not less likely to represent similar amount of suffering for humanity. One of such disasters is war and conflicts that brings up the crisis of internally displaced people or IDPs. By June 2008, more than 2.8 million people were internally displaced in Iraq. Most of them are spread in rented accommodations and depend on host communities, governmental bodies, or some national and international humanitarian agencies. This population was displaced in three phases, approximately 1.6 million fled sectarian violence in 2006,an estimated 190,000 displaced by military operation and violence in 2003 to 2005, and around 1.2 million displaced as a consequence of the policies of Saddam’s government and Gulf War. In addition to this, according to UNHCR 1.7 million Iraqi refugees are abroad and only 300,000 of them are registered (Iraq 2010 Humanitarian Action Plan [HAP], 2009) This situation is not created at once but emerged from a legacy of sanctions, violence, conflict, lack of development and public service. These factors led to the scarcity of basic human needs, for instance, water, food, shelter, security, and access to health care and education. Since there has been no major humanitarian or security crisis in 2009, some improvement in IDPs returning to their home can be noticed but there is no change in vulnerable areas, for instance, northern and north-western Iraq, central Iraq and areas of southern Iraq.

Mathematical Tasks Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mathematical Tasks - Math Problem Example which is 4. Then we have 14 x 4 -= 56cm Similarly, CD = 15 x 4 = 60 cm The perimeter of CDE then becomes 60+52+56 = 168cm Measurement as a mathematical object is also very necessary in this mathematical task where the measurement units are given in centimeters. Mathematical process like connection where mathematic ideas interconnect and build on one another to produce a coherent whole has highly been applied on this task. Mathematical processes like representation is also very important as it helps the learner to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas. Geometric reasoning. (ii) Chapter 3 is about geometric reasoning. Basing on task 3.3.3 the following mathematical task has been formulated. B A C To construct a circle inside the triangle to touch the side of the triangle which is generally termed as an inscribed circle, then there is a lot of geometry involved (Bates, 1979). This can be done as follows: - (a) Bisection of angle BAC and extending the bisecting line to a point, p. (b) Bisecting the angle ACB and extending the bisector to a point, m. Where the two bisecting lines meet, say point O, becomes the centre of the circle. With a pair of compasses, you pin at the meeting point of the two lines and draw a circle that touches the vertices of the triangle ABC. This is what is called an inscribed circle. This can be shown in fig,1.2 below: - B o A C Measurement as a mathematical tool is highly used here. The length of the sides of the triangle can be measured as well as the radius of the inscribed circle. Reasoning and proof are mathematical processes that are also applied on this mathematical task. It is only...A mathematical task like the one below entails many more mathematical objects apart from geometry because algebra can also be involved. Measurement as a mathematical object is also very necessary in this mathematical task where the measurement units are given in centimeters. Mathematical process like connection where mathematic ideas interconnect and build on one another to produce a coherent whole has highly been applied on this task. Mathematical processes like representation is also very important as it helps the learner to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas. Measurement as a mathematical tool is highly used here. The length of the sides of the triangle can be measured as well as the radius of the inscribed circle. Reasoning and proof are mathematical processes that are also applied on this mathematical task. It is only through concrete reasoning and proofing what you reason by for example bisecting the angles that one comes to see that the circle touches the sides of the triangle but not the vertices. Use of mathematical tools like a pair of compasses, calculators and rulers has also been highly applied to solve this mathematical task. Mathematics thinking and language is highly exercised and mathematics ideas expressed precisely. (iii) In chapter 4 which is

Learning machine Essay Example for Free

Learning machine Essay The author believes that like a learning machine the human brain is capable of adapting anything new regardless of the age of the person. This she deduces this from a number of arguments in the form of research done from different points of view but all leading to her conclusion. The author is not describing other peoples’ opinions. Rather she uses their arguments as the premises to end at the conclusion that she states at the beginning of her excerpt. The author uses information on neural plasticity from presentation done by Gregg Recanzone using animals, Merzenich Michaels’ research on â€Å"shaping the machinery of our brains† using the elderly and   Alison Gopniks’ research on plasticity of the brain using children and the connection to the logic of imagination all from the University of California. Columbia University’s Walter Mischels’ discussion on the ability to control our desires based on the imaginations we put on them and Sir Michael Rutter of King’s college made a presentation of the effects of early institutional deprivation[1]. To arrive at the conclusion, the author used the data from done research as the premises to support her conclusion. Though the author does not use the solid research data to support her argument, she uses the findings of the research as her arguments. The research was done correctly. There are various experiments done where there was need for comparison. There was physical experimenting in the case of study. The author shows only one side of the issue. The author relies on isolated researches, which makes the findings reliable. The author makes a valid conclusion form the data that was well intended for showing that indeed the plasticity and changes in the brain is a life long process. At any time, the conclusions made should be based on concrete and sound arguments. Arguments based on facts or pre-proven researches are valid arguments. To make a conclusion, one needs to provide valid arguments that are in line with the conclusion to be made. The conclusion made should therefore be in tandem with the arguments presented to make a valid conclusion. This is because there can be a situation where there are valid arguments but an invalid conclusion. In the excerpt, the author has used valid arguments in the form done researches to arrive at the conclusion made. The conclusion is also valid. In making a good argument, there should be no assumptions made. In the excerpt, the argument that uses the animal species of a monkey to relate to the human situation is challengeable. Real research in the human context would have been the best line of action in the case study. The education sector in the United States today is a very good example. In the New York Times on 6th July 2010. The unions are accusing the government for â€Å"undermining public education†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Is the conclusion right? What is the basis of their conclusion? In the National Education Association’s convention that began on Saturday, there is no one from the Obama administration is set to speak in the convection. This is despite the previous two-year addresses that the president had made to them. They claim that they have not seen the change they hoped for from the government. â€Å"Today our members face the most anti-educator, anti-union, anti-student environment I have ever experienced,† Dennis Van Roekel, president of the union, the National Education Association, told thousands of members gathered at the convention center.[2] The angered teachers are being blamed for the prevailing situations in the public schools. There is a connection in the article and except, the teachers unions are deriving a conclusion from the arguments that I have briefly summarized among the many more in the article. The concept of using valid arguments to arrive at a conclusion is utilized here. Like any other animal man is no exception to nature. Nature requires that the species adapt to survive. The human brain is the control system of the human body, this makes it the first to respond to the changes and hence give directive to the whole body in order to survive. As we grow, the rate of responsiveness to changes will decrease. The brain is an organ in the human body, all the body tissues are subjected to wear and tear and old age makes the body not able to replace the worn out tissues as fast as before. Therefore, the brain will have worn out tissues that will make it unable to adapt as first as before. BIBLIOGRAPHY Dillon, Sam.2010. Teachers’ Union Shuns Obama Aides at Convention. The New York Times July 6th, 2010. Retrieved on 6th July 2010 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/education/05teachers.html?_r=1hpw Nelson, Leah.2006. A learning machine: Plasticity and change throughout life. Retrieved on July 6th, 2006 http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=2029 [1] Leah Nelson. 2006.   A learning machine: Plasticity and change throughout life. Retrieved on 6th July 2006   http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=2029   [2] Sam Dillon. 2010. Teachers’ Union Shuns Obama Aides at Convention. The New York Times 6th, July 2010. Retrieved on 6th July 2010 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/education/05teachers.html?_r=1hpw

Security and the OSI Model Essay -- Networks Telecommunications

Abstract The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model is a standard reference model for the communication between two end users. Seven different layers make up the OSI model: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. This paper will cover the type of security that is associated with each level of the OSI model. Physical Layer The physical layer is where the actual communication occurs between devices. The security of the physical layer pertains to the actual hardware. The vulnerabilities of the physical layer include: • Power outage • Environmental control loss • Hardware theft, damage or destruction • Unauthorized hardware changes (i.e.; removable media, data connections) • Detachment of the physical data links • Unnoticeable Data Interception • Keystroke Logging Certain measures can be implemented to ensure the physical layer is secure. This would be done by storing all hardware in a locked environment. The use of electronic locks would control and log all access to the room containing the hardware. The electronic locks could be a PIN and password or fingerprint scanner (biometrics). The use of video and audio surveillance would provide physical proof of unauthorized access that could compromise the hardware. Data Link Layer The second layer of the OSI model is the data link layer. This is the layer that transports the data between network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or on the same local area network (LAN) between nodes. The data link layer makes available the procedural and functional means to move data between network devices and could provide the measures to find and possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer. The security vulnerabi... ...on. This is to stop any unauthorized use of the network. Conclusion In conclusion, the information covered in this paper shows the different types of security that is associated with each level of the standard OSI model. From the physical layer to the application layer, each layer has a different type of security which must be applied at each layer to prevent any security leaks, spoofing, and infinite loops. These are just a few of the different vulnerabilities that must be protected on a WLAN or LAN. References Reed (November 21, 2003). Applying the OSI seven layer model to Information Security. Retrieved on January 11, 2008, from SANS Institute. Website: http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/protocols/1309.php Haden (2008). The OSI Model. Retrieved on January 11, 2008, from Data Network Resource. Website: http://www.rhyshaden.com/osi.htm Security and the OSI Model Essay -- Networks Telecommunications Abstract The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model is a standard reference model for the communication between two end users. Seven different layers make up the OSI model: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. This paper will cover the type of security that is associated with each level of the OSI model. Physical Layer The physical layer is where the actual communication occurs between devices. The security of the physical layer pertains to the actual hardware. The vulnerabilities of the physical layer include: • Power outage • Environmental control loss • Hardware theft, damage or destruction • Unauthorized hardware changes (i.e.; removable media, data connections) • Detachment of the physical data links • Unnoticeable Data Interception • Keystroke Logging Certain measures can be implemented to ensure the physical layer is secure. This would be done by storing all hardware in a locked environment. The use of electronic locks would control and log all access to the room containing the hardware. The electronic locks could be a PIN and password or fingerprint scanner (biometrics). The use of video and audio surveillance would provide physical proof of unauthorized access that could compromise the hardware. Data Link Layer The second layer of the OSI model is the data link layer. This is the layer that transports the data between network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or on the same local area network (LAN) between nodes. The data link layer makes available the procedural and functional means to move data between network devices and could provide the measures to find and possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer. The security vulnerabi... ...on. This is to stop any unauthorized use of the network. Conclusion In conclusion, the information covered in this paper shows the different types of security that is associated with each level of the standard OSI model. From the physical layer to the application layer, each layer has a different type of security which must be applied at each layer to prevent any security leaks, spoofing, and infinite loops. These are just a few of the different vulnerabilities that must be protected on a WLAN or LAN. References Reed (November 21, 2003). Applying the OSI seven layer model to Information Security. Retrieved on January 11, 2008, from SANS Institute. Website: http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/protocols/1309.php Haden (2008). The OSI Model. Retrieved on January 11, 2008, from Data Network Resource. Website: http://www.rhyshaden.com/osi.htm

Character of Iago

Shakespeare employs a variety of language, dramatic and theatrical techniques in shaping my understanding of the rather enigmatic yet definitely Machiavellian, character of Iago. Shakespeare reveals him to be a cunning and conniving exploiter and manipulator of other characters who become caught in his web of lies, deceit and evil schemes. Iago is forever the cold, calculating pragmatist who is cynical about anything associated with goodness, such as love, virtue, reputation and honour. Iago constantly plays the role of ‘honest Iago’, which is shown by Shakespeare’s constant dramatically ironic use of this phrase over twenty-three times. All characters have no hesitation in trusting every word Iago says, and taking everything he tells them to be true. The duplicitous nature of Iago is shown in conjunction with the symbolism of the Roman God, â€Å"By Janus†. Janus is a two faced God, who perfectly represents the nature of Iago, the two sides, one he only displays to the public and Roderigo and one only displayed to everyone else. This nature is further emphasised by Iago through his dialogue, â€Å"I am not what I am†. Similar to this includes the dialogue, â€Å"I serve him to serve my turn upon him†. The honesty that the other characters believe Iago has, allows him to adapt the personality of cunning, conniving manipulator of people, allowing him to exploit their emotions for his personal uses. He achieves his aims under the pretence of acting to help individuals but really he is egotistical and serves only for himself. He plays on Othello’s â€Å"free and open† nature, on his mission to prove Desdemona’s infidelity and create the metaphor of the â€Å"green-eyed monster†, which both Othello and Iago will nurture. Iago’s also gives Cassio â€Å"free and honest† advice about asking Desdemona for his position back after his fall from grace, showing again the dramatic irony Shakespeare portrays. Iago also continues to assure Desdemona that Othello’s sudden change in mood has nothing to do with Desdemona herself, but instead to do with state business. This further serves him in his plan for Othello’s downfall. Poison imagery by Shakespeare refers to the poisonous effect of words that Iago has caused seen in â€Å"The Moor already change with my poison†. The Machiavellian villain of Iago is constantly portrayed through the symbolism of hell or Satan throughout the play. â€Å"Hell and night/Must bring this monstrous birth to the world’s light†. While this shows Shakespeare’s symbolism of white being equivalent to good and dark to evil, it also references the fact that only Iago can bring about this action, or so he believes, and show the world of a crueller Othello. In the intertextual temptation scene, to that of the Garden of Eden, Iago is playing the traitorous and evil snake convincing Othello to do something which he would have never though of before. For Iago women are simply a means to an end. They are only needed to fulfil men’s sexual appetites and serve the various needs of men. He believes that women are not as intellectual as men and hence their opinion should not be valued nor asked for. It is of Iago’s opinion that emotions can leave one weak and rash decisions come about from those who think with their hearts rather than their heads shown in this dialogue, â€Å"If the balance of our lives had not one scale of reason to poise another of sensuality, the blood and baseness of our natures would conduct us to most preposterous conclusions†. Any man that becomes corrupted by their feelings or the heart in a fool, hence Iago does not believe in love of another person. He does however believe in self-love, that is to say Iago is the epitome of selfishness. Iago is unable to love another male or female, as a friend or lover. He describes the act of lovemaking with continuous reference to distasteful and crude animal images such as â€Å"Goats and Monkeys† or â€Å"Black ram† and â€Å"White Ewes†. Iago also employs the use of the symbolism of sexual ‘appetites’, suggesting that just like food they are something that needs to be regular or often. As seen with Emilia’s dialogue â€Å"They eat us hungrily and when they are full/ they belch us† The racist Iago is also obvious throughout Othello. He feels resentment and hatred towards Othello because, not only is Othello a general or commander of the Venetian Navy, he has managed to win such a prize as the lovely Desdemona. This is shown through Iago’s dialogue and comparison of Othello to a â€Å"Black ram†, â€Å"Barbary horse† or having â€Å"Thick lips†. He also constantly refers to Othello as â€Å"The Moor†. While this may not have been considered racist at the time, Iago does it in such a way that he wishes to alienate Othello from white society. He rarely says the name Othello, and if he does he mentions it with venom and anger towards him. Finally in the last scenes the real Iago is revealed. Through dramatic irony in Emilia’s dialogue, Shakespeare shows how the other characters innocence in regard to the man who has convinced Othello to believe such horrible tales, â€Å"I will be hang’d if some eternal villain/Some busy and insinuating rogue/Some cogging, cozening slave to get some office/Have not devis’d this slander. I’ll be hang’d else†. It appears that â€Å"honest Iago† no longer exists but instead has been transformed into a â€Å"villainous knave†. As the situation worsens and the culprit is identified the insults develop into â€Å"demi-devil†, â€Å"damned slave†, â€Å"Spartan dog† and â€Å"notorious villain†. All these terms are juxtaposed to the constant positive emotive terms that have been used to describe Iago throughout the rest of the play. Throughout Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello, we see the cunning and manipulative character that is Iago. Each scene, through Shakespeare’s use of theatrical, language and dramatic techniques, as more of Iago’s cunning plan s revealed, more evil within Iago is exposed and left goodness or virtue within him. Even in Iago’s final lines he offers no remorse but only self-satisfaction for the deed he has caused.

Conference For Marketing Professionals

Introduction: Every year the University of   Hertfordshire (UoH) hosts a conference for marketing professionals. The event is held at the de Havilliand campus and attracts approximately 100 attendees annually.   This gathering has not traditionally been monitored to determine attendee satisfaction or to determine the rate of return attendance.   To correct this oversight, a program will be developed to determine the rate of satisfaction for forum attendees and for those presenting at the forum. (72 words) Objectives: The primary objective of this study will be to determine the effectiveness of the program as it currently exists. A secondary objective will be to identify areas that require modification and the third objective will be to determine if presenters are satisfied with the quality of attendees and the opportunities to present to them. A further goal of this project will be to evaluate the opportunities for growth of the forum. The study will use quantitative research to gather opinions from attendees. This form of market research is very commonly accepted as a means to determine client satisfaction. (98 words this section/170 total) Research Design This project will be via a questionnaire given to all conference attendees. A separate questionnaire will be developed for the presenters. The primary questionnaire will be comprised of 10 questions to which the respondent will be asked to give a numerical response between one and five. This numerical representation of satisfaction will then be averaged, with extremes taken into consideration, to determine an arithmetic mean. In addition, we will have five questions requesting short answers. These purely subjective answers will be recorded as anecdotal responses and anecdotal evidence regarding satisfaction with the conference. The secondary questionnaire will also consist of fifteen questions divided in the same manner. The subjective questions will be the same for both the questionnaires. The questions for the primary questionnaire will be as follows: Please respond with a number between 1 and 5. 1 is the lowest/worst response and 5 is the highest/best. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Did you enjoy the conference? 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Were the seminars useful to you? 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Did this conference assist you in furthering your career? 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Was the keynote speaker helpful? 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Was the meal served adequate? 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Was this seminar worth the cost of attendance? 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Was this a useful way to spend your day? 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Were the presenters helpful? 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Did you learn anything new at this conference? 10.   Given the chance, would you attend this conference again? The subjective questions for both questionnaires would be: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What improvements would you like to see made to the conference? 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What was the best part of the conference? 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What was the worst part of the conference? 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Were you satisfied with the opportunities provided at the conference? 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What should the conference committee know about your visit? The secondary questionnaires would include the following questions: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Did you enjoy the conference? 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Were the conference attendees of the quality you expected? 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Were the seminars useful to you? 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Did you enjoy the keynote speaker? 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Was the meal served adequate? 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Would you attend the conference again? 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Did the quality of materials provided today meet your expectations? 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Did you learn anything new at this conference? 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Was this a useful way to spend your day? 10.   Did you hire staff/find prospects today? (Words 327/ total words 497). Data collection – Methodology This questionnaire will be given to every attendee at the conference prior to the last session of the day. We will offer a door prize to be mailed to the winner at a later date in an effort to encourage more people to respond to the questionnaire. To receive the prize, a respondent would have to list their name and address at the top of the questionnaire. This will also assist us in developing a mailing list for the conference next year. We will have staff move through the crowd as they are leaving, reminding people to turn in their questionnaires via a drop box by the door or by handing them to conference staff. It is anticipated that by offering a random door prize in association with compliance in completing the questionnaire, we should be able to increase the return rate for the questionnaire. (Words 145, total words 642) Sampling plan As previously discussed, the intention will be reach 100 percent penetration with these questionnaires. We will have two different colors for the surveys so that we may quickly differentiate between presenters and attendees responses. We will also consider the possibility of conducting a follow up survey via random sampling based on the attendance list. This survey would be conducted via telephone. The secondary survey would only be conducted if the primary survey has an inadequate response. If the secondary survey is necessary, the sampling member would be random, taking every third name on the attendance roster and rotating through the list until a sample of not less than 10 percent nor more than 20 percent is achieved. (Words 117, total words 759) Data Analysis Once the information is gathered, the first effort will be made to determine if there are consistent groupings of results or an outriders, which are indicative of an extremely dissatisfied (or satisfied) individual.   Once this analysis is complete, each individual question will be evaluated to find the mean and determine where that overall satisfaction levels falls on the continuum scale established in our questions. For our purposes here, we will be looking at each of the questions individually and then will also be taking a combined average using all of the questions to determine the overall satisfaction with the event. In addition, we will be compiling a list of the anecdotal responses to the questionnaire. These responses will be listed, completely unedited, as feedback for the committee which puts the conference together. Obscene or threatening comments will be deleted as irrelevant. The questionnaires from the presenters will be analyzed separately, using the same analysis method. (Words 155, total words 914) Timetable and Budget The initial budget for this project should be less than $250. We anticipate spending $100 to acquire two gift cards to be awarded to two randomly selected persons who return their questionnaires. The additional expenses will be used to develop and print the questionnaires and for computer analysis of the results. Providing that we receive adequate response numbers from the questionnaires at the conference, it is anticipated that the research report can be delivered within two weeks after the end of the conference with the primary work being conducted the day of the conference. If the questionnaires do not receive adequate response to provide the market report that we desire, the time table will be extended by two weeks and the budget will be doubled, as the project will suddenly have telephone expenses in addition to the previously outlined expenses. (Words 140, total words 1054) Personnel Involved The personnel involved in this project will be the researcher and all members of the conference staff, who will be asked to remind attendees of the need for the return of questionnaires. Conference personnel will be asked to hand out the questionnaires as part of the attendees registration packet and to collect the questionnaires in the final moments of the conference. In addition, we will ask presenters to remind attendees throughout the conference that they need to turn in their questionnaires. (Words 81, total words 1135) Questionnaire Please complete the following questionnaire and return to conference staff or place in the drop box near the exit. Two prize winners will be drawn at random from those who return the questionnaire.    The subjective questions for both questionnaires would be: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What improvements would you like to see made to the conference? 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What was the best part of the conference? 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What was the worst part of the conference? 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Were you satisfied with the opportunities provided at the conference? 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What should the conference committee know about your visit?       (Words 235, total words 1370)

Free Essays on NHS Scholarship Speech

I have been asked to speak with you tonight regarding one of the four main qualities possessed by those associated with the National Honor Society- this characteristic is SCHOLARSHIP. SCHOLARSHIP is defined as a â€Å"commitment to learning.† Scholarship is NOT an inherited quality, but one that is acquired and developed as a result of responsibility, diligence, and dedication. A scholar is willing to spend hours in reading and study, knowing the lasting benefits of a cultured and educated mind. From the detailed works of Aristotle, to Shakespeare, to Chaucer, Newton, and Darwin, the information and the wisdom available to students today is absolutely priceless. Unfortunately, many tend to overlook the importance of scholarship and its benefits to life Those FEW who demonstrate an acute awareness of the value of education are truly extraordinary. Success is not achieved by CHANCE, but by CHOICE. Despite the fact that formal education may end either in high school, or in college, one’s education and desire to learn should not cease upon the acquisition of a piece of paper, upon the receipt of a diploma. Graduation is not the end of an enlightened era, but rather the beginning of the rest of one’s life. The liberal arts education received from secondary school shall serve as a strong foundation for the various challenges life may present. Education ends only with life; therefore, one must take advantage of time and see each day as a learning experience. THe acquisition of intellect is not a destination, but a journey. Knowledge is one great element in life which leads to the highest success, and it can be acquired in only one way- through conscientiousness and effort. The information bestowed upon each scholar is invaluable and a scholar’s ability to recognize its worth is quite rare. Scholarship is worth much more than anything monetary because the power of one’s intellect cannot be spent... Free Essays on NHS Scholarship Speech Free Essays on NHS Scholarship Speech I have been asked to speak with you tonight regarding one of the four main qualities possessed by those associated with the National Honor Society- this characteristic is SCHOLARSHIP. SCHOLARSHIP is defined as a â€Å"commitment to learning.† Scholarship is NOT an inherited quality, but one that is acquired and developed as a result of responsibility, diligence, and dedication. A scholar is willing to spend hours in reading and study, knowing the lasting benefits of a cultured and educated mind. From the detailed works of Aristotle, to Shakespeare, to Chaucer, Newton, and Darwin, the information and the wisdom available to students today is absolutely priceless. Unfortunately, many tend to overlook the importance of scholarship and its benefits to life Those FEW who demonstrate an acute awareness of the value of education are truly extraordinary. Success is not achieved by CHANCE, but by CHOICE. Despite the fact that formal education may end either in high school, or in college, one’s education and desire to learn should not cease upon the acquisition of a piece of paper, upon the receipt of a diploma. Graduation is not the end of an enlightened era, but rather the beginning of the rest of one’s life. The liberal arts education received from secondary school shall serve as a strong foundation for the various challenges life may present. Education ends only with life; therefore, one must take advantage of time and see each day as a learning experience. THe acquisition of intellect is not a destination, but a journey. Knowledge is one great element in life which leads to the highest success, and it can be acquired in only one way- through conscientiousness and effort. The information bestowed upon each scholar is invaluable and a scholar’s ability to recognize its worth is quite rare. Scholarship is worth much more than anything monetary because the power of one’s intellect cannot be spent...

40+ Best Print Book Distributors in 2019 the Ultimate Guide

40+ Best Print Book Distributors in 2019 the Ultimate Guide List of Print Book Distributors As a self-published author, finding the right book distributors can be overwhelming. eBook distribution is relatively simple, as almost anyone can list their books on the world's largest retailers. But if you want people to find your title on the shelves of your local bookstore, you need a  distributor. And depending on your genre, some might be better for you than others.Well, we’re here to help! Below, we’ve put together a list of book distributors - some of which are also wholesalers - to help you get your book on the shelves. But first, let’s nail down what a book distributor is and why it might be important in your author journey.What are book distributors?Book distributors are companies that pitch and sell books directly to wholesalers, bookstores, libraries, and other retailers through sale representatives and catalogs. If you’re a self-publisher, that means that you don’t need to worry about marketing your book to bookstores - your dist ributor will do that for you. And depending on whether you're using print-on-demand services or printing in bulk, the wholesaler might also take care of warehousing your title.In exchange, though, you may need to sign an exclusivity agreement, meaning your distributor is the only one that can sell your books to retailers and can charge a lot for their service (about 55% or more of the book’s cover price).Note: if you haven't figured out how you're going to print your book yet, check out this post comparing the major print-on-demand services available to indie authors.Distributors often specialize in a specific market (such as fiction, travel books, or children’s books), which is why it’s important that you do research based on your book’s genre in order to find a distributor that best fits your needs. Some are also more indie-friendly than others - an important factor for self-publishers to take into account, as some distributors may not work with single -title authors. Find out what book distributors are and why they are important on your author journey What is the difference between book distributors and book wholesalers?You might also see the word â€Å"book wholesaler† pop up every so often when you’re doing your research. There is a difference between the two. Book wholesalers also buy books in bulk and store them. However, unlike distributors, they will not market or pitch your title to bookstores. Instead, they simply accept and fulfill requests when bookstores and retailers order titles directly from them.To get your book onto the shelves, there’s no getting around the need of a middleman between you and the retailers. It’s physically impossible for a self-published author to distribute their book nationwide, much less globally.Therefore, it’s up to you to figure out what kind of middleman you want. If you deal directly with a distributor, you only need to worry about getting your book in the distributor’s hands. The distributor will then take charge of the actual distribution process . Wholesales, on the other hand, merely stock your book for you. You’ll need to do all the marketing and pitching to bookstores yourself. Book distributors vs. book wholesales. What is the difference? Find out... How does this affect you?If you are a self-published author who’s looking to get your book onto the shelf of a bookstore (or maybe even into The Guardian), getting set up with the right distributor is vital. Start off by going to their website and reading their services information. You should be able to get an idea of 1. How the company works and 2. What kind of books they distribute. An ideal match is a distributor that specializes in your particular genre - you will want them to have the appropriate experience marketing and selling your kind of book, after all.You’ll then need to download and fill out their application - yes, even indie-friendly distributors don’t work with everybody. If you don’t find one on their website, emailing an inquiry is usually the best option. This goes without saying, but read carefully whatever you are required to sign as this will have a direct impact on your royalties.With that in mind, here’s list of distributor s to get you started.Print Book Distributors in the United StatesAK Press Independent publisher and book distributor specializing in radical left and anarchist literature. Specialized genres: Radical left and anarchist literature. Website: https://www.akpress.org/ E-mail: info@akpress.orgAlibris Premier online marketplace and distributor for independent sellers of new and used books, music, and movies, as well as rare and collectible titles. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://www.alibris.com/Anchor Distributors Family owned distributor of Christian books and church supplies. Specialized genres: Religious - Christian. Website: https://www.anchordistributors.com/default.aspx E-mail: anchor.customerservice@anchordistributors.comAmerican West Books A major, nationwide supplier to warehouse clubs, specialty grocers, and national booksellers. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://americanwestbooks.com/ E-mail: Info@AmericanWestBooks.comBaker Taylor – A Follett Company A leading distributor of books, video, and music products to libraries, institutions, and retailers. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: http://btol.com/index.cfm E-mail: btinfo@btol.comBCH Fulfillment Distribution Independent book distributor and fulfillment house focusing on Small Presses, particularly with 10 or fewer titles. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: bookch.com/home.taf E-mail: customerservice@bookch.comBella Distribution Distribution to independent and chain bookstores for small publishing and bookstore communities. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: belladistribution.com/index.htm E-mail: info@belladistribution.comBookBaby Offers on demand printing and book distribution services. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://www.bookbaby.com/book-distribution E-mail: info@bookbaby.com (Learn more about BookBaby here!)CB Books Distribution Supports self-published and first-time authors, specializing in urban authors. Specialized genres: Urban books and African American authors. Website: cbbooksdistribution.com/home E-mail: cbbookdist@aol.comCardinal Publishers Group National book distributor serving independent presses. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: http://cardinalpub.com/ E-mail: info@cardinalpub.comCasemate Major specialist publisher and book distributor specializing in the producing and printing of military books. Specialized genres: Leading publisher of military books but also covers more genres. Website: https://www.casematepublishers.com/ E-mail: casemate@casematepublishers.comConsortium Books Sales Distribution Works with independent publishers as well as academic, library, wholesale and specialist markets. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://www.cbsd.com/ E-mail: cbsdinfo@ingramcontent.comDeVorss Company Book publisher and distributor of Metaphysical, Inspirational, Spiritual, Self-Help, and New Thought titles. Specialized genres: Metaphysical, inspirational, spiritual, self-help, and new thought. Webs ite: devorss.com/ E-mail: service@devorss.comDiamond Comic Distributors The world’s largest distributor of English-language comics, graphic novels and pop-culture related merchandise. Specialized genres: Comics, graphic novels, pop-culture. Website: https://www.diamondcomics.com/Home/1/1/3/103 E-mail: newaccounts@diamondcomics.comGem Guides Book Company Book publisher and distributor of books on rocks, minerals, gemstones, fossils, and crystals. Specialized genres: Rocks, minerals, gemstones, fossils, and crystals. Website: gemguidesbooks.com/ E-mail: info@gemguidesbooks.comGreenleaf Book Group A publisher and distributor dedicated to helping independent authors and small presses getting their work published. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://greenleafbookgroup.com/ E-mail: contact@greenleafbookgroup.comIndependent Publishers Group Distributes in the United States for large and small independent publishers and for publishers in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canad a, France, Ireland, Spain, Israel, and elsewhere. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://www.ipgbook.com/ E-mail: frontdesk@ipgbook.comIngram Content Group The world’s largest distributor of books to online and retail stores, schools, and libraries. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://www.ingramcontent.com/ E-mail: online.marketing@ingramcontent.comIngramSpark IngramSpark is Ingram’s platform for indie publishers, offering distribution, production, and book assembly. (For a promo code, read our IngramSpark review.) Specialized genres: Variety. Website: http://ingramspark.com E-mail: ingramsparksupport@ingramcontent.comMidpoint Trade Books A full-service book distribution company that represents independent publishers across the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: midpointtrade.com/ E-mail: orders@midpointtrade.comNational Book Network An independent, full-service sales, marketing, and distribution company se rving book publishers from around the world. Specialized genres: Non-fiction, fiction, and children's titles. Website: http://nbnbooks.com/ E-mail: customercare@nbnbooks.comNew Leaf Distributing The world's largest wholesale distributor of books, recorded media and sidelines related to the subject areas of Spirituality, Metaphysics, Natural Alternative Wellness, and Conscious Living. Specialized genres: Spiritual, metaphysics, natural alternative wellness, and conscious living. Website: https://newleaf-dist.com/New Shelves Books Distribution company that offers their experience to small publishers and self-published authors. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: newshelves.com/ E-mail: info@newshelves.comPublishers Group West One of the top book distribution companies in the world. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: pgw.com/Readerlink Distribution Services The largest full-service distributor of hardcover, trade and paperback books to non-trade channel booksellers in North Americ a. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: readerlink.net/Default.aspx E-mail: Info@Readerlink.comSCB Distributors An independent, full-service distributor to the book trade. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://www.scbdistributors.com/index.shtml E-mail: scb@scbdistributors.comSimon Schuster Offers a full range of distribution services to independent publishers, including but not limited to sales, fulfillment, production, and digital support services. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: simonandschusterpublishing.com/sns-distribution/index.htmlSmall Press Distribution Currently the only distributor in the country dedicated exclusively to independently published literature. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://www.spdbooks.org/ E-mail: spd@spdbooks.orgSunbelt Publications Publishes and distributes books specializing on the land and its people, natural science, outdoor guides, and cultural histories and regional references of the southwest. Specialized genres: Natu ral science, outdoor guides, cultural histories, regional references of the southwest. Website: https://sunbeltpublications.com/ E-mail: sunbeltbook@sunbeltpub.comTAN Books A traditional Catholic American book distributor and publisher. Specialized genres: Religious - Catholic. Website: https://www.tanbooks.com/ E-mail: CustomerService@TANBooks.com A list of the top print book distributors in the US... all in one place Do you know any other distributors that we missed? Let us know in the comments below!

Summary and response for Seaman,, How Bingeing Became the New College Essay - 1

Summary and response for Seaman,, How Bingeing Became the New College Sport - Essay Example The drink age has been fixed at 21 in order to avoid alcohol poisoning and accidents related to driving under alcohol influence. By keeping the drink age at 21, the government was succeeded in reducing unfavorable incidents related to underage drinking. But such restrictions resulted in the development of an unintended culture around prohibited alcoholism among the youths. For many American youths, college life is not only for learning alone, but for starting drinking also. The earlier beer culture in college campuses has given way for hard liquor now. Many universities have reported that there is no problem in lowering the drink age to 18 years. Montreals McGill University, which enrolls about 2,000 American undergraduates a year reported that many of the students when they first arrive at the college campus were exploiting their ability to drink legally. â€Å"But by midterms, when McGills demanding academic standards must be met, the vast majority has put drinking into its practi cal place among their priorities† (Seaman). In short, Seaman argues in favor of lowering the drink age to 18 in America. I agree with the arguments of Seaman. If a person is matured enough to select the administrators of a country, then he should be matured enough to control his emotions or feelings even under the influence of alcohol. Maturity cannot be limited to one aspect alone. It is a general thing. Maturity of a person can be visualized in all the aspect of his family, social and political life. It is difficult to believe that a person, who has maturity in electing a government, doesn’t have maturity in his personal or social life. It is a fact that when we restrict something to the children, they may develop more tendencies to break the restrictions. The stigma associated with underage drinking is a motivating factor for the youths to break the law.

MercadoLibre Case Study Management Report Essay

MercadoLibre Case Study Management Report - Essay Example Introduction MercadolLibre is a Portuguese website company which is dedicated to online auctions and to e-commerce. It is basically eBay’s Latin American Partner. In Latin America it is the number one e-commerce site. It has its headquarters located in Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. The literal market of MercadoLibre is free market in Spanish. Anyone can register in this site and use it to do online auction. The organisational culture in MercadoLibre is an open one. It serves as their backbone. Their IT infrastructure is also an open source one. It uses Varnish cache to enhance the web experience of their user. Such infrastructure gives a better performance as compared to their competing products. Basically varnish stores the web pages in the memory and hence they get loaded faster. Discussion This part of the study will discuss about the business environment and strategy of the organization. In addition to this, the strategy of MercadoLibre has been critically evaluated i n this part of the study. Business Environment Analysis Porter’s five force model and PESTLE analysis has been implemented in this study to determine the effect of environmental factors on the business process of MercadoLibre. Porter’s Five Force Analysis This analytical tool will help the organization to determine the industry opportunities and threats that can help the organization to develop future strategies. Buyers’ bargaining power Each and every Latin American country is achieving significant economic growth rate due to the globalization, technological advancement and growth of several domestic organizations. MercadoLibre is one of the emerging online trading and payment platforms in Latin America. This internet auction site has gain huge popularity due to its effective business operation strategies. Recent financial crisis and economic downturn affected the purchasing power of the people (Belz and Peattie, 2010, p. 224). Therefore, the online selling and purchasing activities in these countries have reduced. Although the organizations offers huge ranges of differentiated products for buying and selling, but affected purchasing power of people increased the threat of high bargaining power of customers or buyers for organizations within this particular industry. Suppliers’ bargaining power Suppliers’ bargaining power is quite low as the industry has reached to the growth stage of the industry life cycle recently. The business operation of this organization highly depends on the effectiveness of the supply chain network (Blenkhorn and Fleisher, 2005, p. 115). Huge availability of the suppliers can give cost effective supply chain options for the organizations. Therefore, it can be stated that the threat of suppliers’ bargaining power is not high. Threat of Substitutes Threat of substitute for MercadoLibre is quite low as the market demand for online purchasing and selling or internet auction is significantly incre asing among the target customers. This virtual market place gained huge popularity in recent past due to technological advancement. The demand for traditional purchasing and selling process is reducing. Therefore, it can be stated that the threat of substitute is low for the suppliers (Etzel, Stanton and Walker, 1997, p. 74). Threat of New Entrants Threat of

Poland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poland - Essay Example The national language of Poland is Polish and its total covered area is around 312,685 sq Km. (Poland Introduction, 2001) Poland is known as the most religious country of Europe. About 90% of the total population is the Roman Catholic, while Protestants, Jehovah's witnesses, Polish Orthodox, Polish Catholics, Muslims and Jews are in minorities. The Eastern Orthodox are 1% of the total population while Protestants are 0.3% and others are 0.8%; according to an estimation made in 2002. The last pope of the Roman Catholic church Pope John Paul II also belongs from Poland - before the Pope Benedict. The Roman Catholic religion is dominated in the country and it is also a part of the curriculum - in the education sector. (Religion in Poland, 2008) Economically, Poland is a sound country and growing day by day. The Poland's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased 6.1% in 2006. After the rejection of communism, Poland adopted the policy of liberalism which successfully worked and supported the economy to rise. The liberal laws helped in the development of the private sector and many medium and small industries were privatized. Several important sectors were also privatized including; steel, coal, railway and power generation. In the year 2000, the national telecom was also privatized and sold to France which is considered as the biggest privatization ever made, by the year 2007. Main Industries include; mining, textile, shipbuilding, glass and beverages. With the growing GDP rate since 1993, Poland has potential to become largest food producer among the European Union countries in agriculture sector. Various private farms are producing fruits, vegetables and specially potatoes. Poultry, eggs, and pork are also monitored by the s ame farms. The currency of Poland is called Zloty. Poland is continuously bringing reforms in its economic policies to fulfill the criteria of adopting euro (European single currency). It is said that by 2012, Poland will be able to adopt euro. In Poland, salaries are low and the ratio of unemployment is high, one of the reason is; the economic crises in the Soviet Union and Germany (the biggest trade partners of Poland). People have started to move to other European Union countries mostly to UK and Ireland. With the continuous reforms it is expected that soon this problem will also be overcome. (Diziadosiz and Stasiak, 2004) Role of Women During the era of 1970, the work force of Poland basically comprises of women. Poland government gave more opportunities to female in education and employment. In many major professions, the rate of women was higher than men. During 1980, most of the medical practitioners were women. On the other hand, women were kept completely at bay from the posts of power and authority. However, Poland elected its first Prime Minister, Hanna Suchocka in 1992, but the interesting fact is that there was not a single woman in her government. During the same year another woman, Eva lelowska became the head of the National Bank of Poland. Though, women played remarkable role on all the labor positions but male dominance always remain hurdle for them to reach and gain higher positions. State institutions helped many women to do two full time jobs due to the lack of their

Theories on Employee Relations

Theories on Employee Relations Unitarist, Pluralist and Marxist perspective have been described for understanding and analyzing employee relations. Each of them provides a different interpretation towards workplace conflict, the role of unions and job regulation (Edwards, 2003). In other words, those three perspectives hold different views against conflict in the employee relations. The following paragraphs will introduce three perspectives one by one. After that, it will summarize the differences among them. Unitarist perspective Seeing from the Unitarist perspective, the organization is regarded as an integrated and harmonious group of people with one loyalty culture. Specified explanations are as follows. Such an organization attaches much importance to mutual cooperation. Moreover, all employees within the organization share a mutual purpose. In addition, this perspective similar to paternalism has a high requirement for the loyalty of all employees. The management of such an organization is outstanding due to its emphasis and application. For this reason, it has been concluded that trade unions are not necessary for the mutual exclusiveness of the loyalty between organizations and employees. However, the conflict on employee relations is considered pathological and disruptive outcome caused by interpersonal friction, communication breakdown, as well as agitators (Kaufman, 2004). Pluralist perspective From the perspective of Pluralist, organization is made up of various sectional groups. Each group has its legal loyalties, goals and leaders. Particularly, management and trade unions are two remarkable sectional groups in the Pluralist perspective. As a result, the main job responsibility of management is not enforcement and control but persuasion and coordination. However, trade unions are acted as lawful delegates of employees. The conflict is inevitable here and the conflict in the Pluralistic perspective is solved by collective bargaining. Generally speaking, conflict is always associated with bad things. However, conflict if being managed well can also take place evolution and positive change from the perspective of Pluralism (Kaufman, 2004). Marxist perspective Marxist perspective is also called radical perspective. This perspective is to reveal the nature of the capitalist society. It thinks that workplace relations are against the history. It recognizes inequalities in power in the employment relationship and in wider society as a whole. Consequently, conflict is perceived as an inevitable result. Whatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s more, a natural response regarding workers against the capitalism exploitation is seen as trade unions. The managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position would be improved by institutions of joint regulation from the view of Marxism if having the periods of acquiescence, because they suppose rather than challenge the proceeding of capitalism (Hyman, 1975). Differences among three perspectives According to the descriptions toward three perspectives, it is obviously that they have different understandings against conflict. The Unitarist view perceives conflict as a word with derogatory sense and it puts forward three reasons of generating conflict such as agitators, interpersonal friction and communication breakdown. It employs a paternalistic approach, so it is short of the conflict between capital and labor which is the focus of Marxist perspective. Moreover, it does not refer to the solution. On the contrary, the Pluralist view indicates that collective bargaining is the way of tackling conflict. Another difference lies in that sometimes conflict can be positive. It implies the importance of conflict management. It can be seen that the Pluralist view pays much attention to conflict resolution and how to how to manage conflict. Moreover, it considers that the power between parties with different interests is equal, which is just opposite to the Marxist perspective. Actual ly, the Marxist view is very radical. From its point of view, the inevitability of conflict comes from the inequalities of powers caused by capitalism exploitation. That is to say, different from Unitarist perspective, the Marxist perspective gives different reasons of bringing about conflict. Appropriate perspective for analyzing employee relations in the UK In this part, it will firstly describe the development process of employee relations in the UK. Afterwards, it will prove that three perspectives can be applied to analyze the British employee relations but the Pluralist perspective is the most appropriate view for analyzing British employee relations. According to the definition of collective bargaining by International Labor Organization, one party of collective bargaining is one employer, some employers or one or several employer organizations while the other party is one or several worker organization (Herman, 1998). It is obviously that the collective bargaining is not feasible without the union of workers. In Medieval England, the relationship between employers and employees was equal but not class relations. As usual, most of competent employees would live in a separate house or married the daughter of employers. The sprout of the capitalist way of production provided possibility for the emergence of industrial relations. The distinction of manufacturing rights and power of management, the division of employers and employees, as well as the existence of a great many permanent labors provided soil for the generation of the trade union. At the early stage of capitalism, there was not law or system to guarantee the basic life o f employees. In order to make a living, workers must negotiate with employers. Although a lot of inequalities existed between them, workers did not have enough countervailing power through individual negotiation or signing contract with each worker. In order to improve life and working conditions, labors gradually united and struggled with employers. At the end of 1600s, trade union emerged as the times require. Because the industrial workers did not form strong hierarchy, the primary labor movement was only limited to the range of manual workers. One of important role of the early trade union on behalf of workers was to negotiate with employers for salary, employment conditions and so on. At the end of 1700s, the collective agreement between employment labor organizations and employers came to the UK, which is the earliest collective agreement in the world (Fraser, 1999). The UK as the source origin of Industrial Revolution is also a country developing trade union movement earliest in the world (Williams and Smith, 2006). Therefore, the British labor relations system is with distinctive characteristics. In the development history of British Labor Laws, collective bargaining is regarded as an effective way to resolve labor disputes. Before the Second World War, the collective bargaining in the UK was mainly a national negotiation. The national collective agreement covered most of workers. Until 1970s, some local collective bargaining emerged. More and more employers started to withdraw from national collective bargaining. Corporate-level collective bargaining gradually occupied dominant position replacing national collective bargaining (Gospel, 1998). Moreover, the government also supported decentralized collective bargaining and the regulatory institutions such as wages council were abolished. In addition, the British law fully protected the interests of members of trade union and stated a variety of immunities against trade unions so that they would not be charged owing to strikes or other industrial actions. However, collective bargaining has begun to suffer multifarious criticisms since 1980s. Someone criticized that the collective bargaining was too disruptive, because the breakdown of collective bargaining brought about too frequently industrial actions so as to weaken domestic economic competitiveness. As a result, the coverage of collective bargaining gets smaller and smaller. According to the statistics, the coverage has already decreased from 70% in 1984 to 41% in1998 (Addison and Siebert, 2002). In any way, collective bargaining was the basis of the British employee relations for much of the 20th century. Based on the introduction of employee relations in the UK, it can be seen that the British collectivism has already went through the development process from sprout to be legal. In Medieval England, the relationship between employers and employees can be explained with the paternalistic approach. Employers and employees were loyal with the ideal of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a happy familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and did not need the trade union to solve conflicts, which is the emphasis of the Unitarist perspective. Consequently, the inequalities existed between employers and employees at the beginning stage of capitalism. Employees were exploited by employers, but they had not enough strong power to solve them. For this reason, the inequalities in power in employment relationship can be analyzed by the Marxist view. After that period of time, the trade union came into being and was firstly responsible for negotiating with employers regarding the issues of wage and employment condition. Afterwards, the collective agreement emerged in the UK with the improvement of trade union. Moreover, the diversification of employees created conditions for the expansion of trade unions and members. As a result, the form of collective bargaining was more common and was regarded as an effective solution to conflict in labor disputes, which is identical with the view of the Pluralist perspective. Employers gradually found the disadvantages of collective bargaining and less took part in the collective bargaining. As a matter of fact, the decline of collective bargaining can also attribute to the shortcomings of the Pluralist perspective which focused too much on the solution to conflict and the accommodation to change and power differences. In other words, it neglects the government influences and power differences at all employee relations levels. As a whole, the deficiencies of collective bargaining lead to its declination in the British employee relations, but its role can not be substituted for any other kind of conflict resolution. It can be concluded that the Pluralist perspective has greatly influenced the employee relations in the UK and will continue to develop its effects, which is natural to be the most appropriate perspective for analyzing the British employee relations compared with other two perspectives. Conclusion To sum up, different people have different minds. The Unitarism, Pluralism and Marxism have already expressed their views against the conflict on employee relations. However, there are some differences in their views. Three perspectives are from different angles and have different emphases. After discussing the differences among three perspectives, it has elaborated my own opinion that the Pluralist perspective is the most appropriate for the analysis of employee relations in the UK based on the development process of the British employee relations. It can be concluded from the analyses that collective bargaining with irreplaceable role is playing a less and less important role in the British employee relations with the various changes in employment and the labor force. In addition, conflict management is extremely significant for the sustainable development of organizations. People should not only focus on the conflict resolution but also pay attention to the influences of other fac tors. As a result, it is very crucial and indispensable for every organization to establish positive employee relation so as to attract and retain high-quality staff, to improve employee productivity, to increase employee loyalty, to enhance working morale, to elevate business performance, as well as to reduce absence rate (Lewis and Saunders, 2003). (1973 words)